The Learning Objectives listed in the Curriculum Framework provide a transparent foundation for the AP ® Biology course, an inquiry-based laboratory experience, instructional activities, and AP ® Exam questions. The information presented and examples highlighted in this section support concepts and Learning Objectives outlined in Big Idea 2 of the AP ® Biology Curriculum Framework. (As we will explore in the next chapter, amino acids have both a carboxyl group and an amine group.) Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula (i.e., same kinds and numbers of atoms), but different molecular structures resulting in different properties or functions. For example, the attachment of a carboxyl group (-COOH) makes a molecule more acidic, whereas the presence of an amine group (NH 2) makes a molecule more basic. Functional groups, such as –CH 3 (methyl) and –COOH (carboxyl), are groups of atoms that give specific properties to hydrocarbon chains or rings that define their overall chemical characteristics and function. Carbon and hydrogen can form either hydrocarbon chains or rings. With four valence electrons, carbon can covalently bond to oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen to form the many molecules important for cellular function. The unique properties of carbon make it a central part of biological molecules. How do functional groups determine the properties of biological molecules?.In this section, you will investigate the following questions:
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